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Abstract
Background: Thalassemia is a hereditary blood disorder marked by the production of abnormal hemoglobin, leading to varying degrees of anemia. The prevalence of thalassemia is relatively high in South Asia, making it a significant public health concern in the region. Objective: To evaluate the complications in thalassemia (TDT, NTDT) patients and their life Expectancy in South Asia. Methods: A systematic approach was used using PRISMA guidelines. Google Scholar and PubMed databases were searched to select 8 articles using Specific Keywords. Studies reporting on the complications of thalassemia and life expectancy in South Asian populations were included. Data were extracted and synthesized using a systematic approach to evaluate the impact of thalassemia on patients' health and life expectancy. Results: In 8 selected articles complications in thalassemia patients (TDT and NTDT) including age groups children and adults in South Asia we found that in thalassemia major patients major complications due to iron overload after multiple transfusions are, hepatomegaly 41%, splenomegaly 14-56%, Endocrine complications, Hypothyroidism 4 -25%, Cardiac complications (10-12%) that reduce life expectancy rapidly, bone abnormalities i.e osteoporosis 59%, infections Hep-C (3-67%) and Hep-B and Extramedullary Hematopoiesis. While NTDT/ thalassemia intermedia also presents with many clinical complications even though transfusions are less frequent. NTDT/TI complications include iron overload, inadequate erythropoiesis, and hypercoagulability. Bone abnormality osteoporosis (81%), extramedullary Hematopoiesis 20%, thrombosis, and pulmonary hypertension. Conclusion: Thalassemia Major/Intermedia has been associated with serious complications that reduce the life expectancy of those infected in South Asia. The study revealed that early diagnosis and timely access to specialized care and treatment play a significant role in increasing the life expectancy of thalassemia patients.