Journal of Society of Prevention, Advocacy and Research KEMU

Vulnerabilities and Visions: SWOT Analysis of Pakistan's Health Surveillance Landscape

Saira Afzal, Shajeea — Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Surveillance systems are a critical component of public health. The primary goal of public health surveillance is to monitor the health status of a population, detect disease outbreaks, track long-term trends, and make public health policies and actions. Pakistan has a structured surveillance system in place, led by the Ministry of National Health Services, Regulations & Coordination in collaboration with various international organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO), Gavi the Vaccine Alliance and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Pakistan has a vast population that stands at 241.49 million 1according to 2023 census. The country faces diverse health challenges but has made strides in developing a national public health surveillance system. This expert opinion on SWOT(strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats), analysis for surveillance systems implemented in Pakistan reveals crucial insights into its potential for growth, revealing areas of strength in community engagement but also exposing gaps in longterm sustainability and scalability.

Morbidity Differences Between Breastfed and Formula Fed Children, a Hospital Based Cross Sectional Study

Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Background: Human milk is the preferred feed for children. Some mothers, however, supplement their breast milk with formula because they are unable to satisfy the requirements for various reasons. Exclusive breastfeeding is thought to protect against infant morbidity, according to some of the studies. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Pakistan is 53.6 %. Hence, the study is designed to determine the difference in morbidity among breastfed and formula-fed children in Pakistan. Objectives: To compare the morbidity differences between breastfed and formula-fed children. Methods: This comparative cross-sectional was conducted in Paediatric Ward of public hospital of Lahore. Children up to five years of age, both genders males and females, presenting with signs and symptoms highly suggestive of sepsis, gastrointestinal infections, respiratory infections, or with a history of prolonged hospital stay were included in research. Data were analysed by using SPSS version. A chi-square test was applied. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 96 participants, 41(42.7%) were exclusively breastfed while 55(57.3%) were formula fed.17(41.5%) of breastfed children while 35(70%) of formula fed children had respiratory tract infections. 22(55%) of breastfed children while 42(76.6%) of formula fed children were having sepsis. 10(27.8%) of breastfed children while 27(49%) of formula fed children required ICU care during their stay at hospital. Among breastfed 10(24.4%) while among formula fed 12(21.8%) were having necrotizing enterocolitis. Among breast fed 36(87.8%) while among formula fed 50(90.9%) required hospitalization during treatment. Conclusion: Breastfed children experienced lower rates of respiratory infections and incidence of sepsis as compared to their formula-fed counterparts. Though the association between feeding method and necrotizing enterocolitis was not statistically significant. However, the results underscore the potential benefits of breastfeeding in preventing severe infections and reducing hospital care requirements.

Prevalence and Correlates of Burnout and Mental Distress among Healthcare Professionals of a Public Sector Hospital in Lahore: A Cross-sectional Study

Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Background: Healthcare worker burnout and mental distress represent significant challenges to healthcare delivery systems worldwide, particularly in resource-limited settings. In Pakistan, where healthcare workers face unique challenges including high patient volumes and resource constraints, understanding these issues is crucial. Taking into consideration the serious implications of burnout and mental distress on the well-being of healthcare providers and the quality of patient care, and the limited evidence from healthcare settings in Pakistan, this study addresses a critical knowledge gap in understanding occupational mental health among healthcare workers in developing healthcare systems. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of mental distress and burnout among healthcare professionals of a public sector hospital in Lahore and to investigate their associations with demographic characteristics. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a public sector hospital in Lahore, from February to September, 2024. Using an expected prevalence of 71.9% (95% CI: 66.3-77.5%), and absolute precision of 5.6%, a sample size of 250 was calculated. Data were collected through printed forms containing validated instruments including the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12). The MBI assessed three dimensions: emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and personal accomplishment (PA), while GHQ-12 measured psychological distress. High burnout was defined as high scores in EE (≥30) or DP (≥12) or low PA scores (≤33). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27, employing descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, and logistic regression analysis (p<0.05). Results: Among the 250 participants, predominantly female (75.6%) and aged 20-30 years (92.0%), 70% scored for high burnout in at least one subscale, while 9.2% reported high burnout in all three subscales of MBI. Mental distress was prevalent, with 8.8% (95% CI: 5.3-12.3%) reporting high levels. A statistically significant association between any Burnout and High Mental Distress was found (p=0.001). Healthcare roles significantly influenced mental distress levels (p<0.001), with physicians reporting higher rates of severe burnout (14.6%) compared to nurses (4.8%). Conclusion: The high prevalence of burnout (70%) among healthcare professionals in this public hospital setting in Pakistan highlights an urgent need for intervention. We recommend implementing systematic changes including: (1) structured workload management programs, (2) profession-specific mental health support services, and (3) regular burnout screening and monitoring protocols. These findings have important implications for healthcare policy in developing countries and suggest the need for institutional-level interventions to protect healthcare worker wellbeing and ensure optimal patient care.

Workplace Violence Against Doctors in Public Teaching Hospitals in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study Evaluating the Contributing Factors

Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Background: Workplace violence (WPV) is any act or threat of physical violence, harassment or disruptive behaviour occurring in a workplace, involving workers and clients alike. Violence directed against doctors has been a pressing issue plaguing our public hospital settings in this decade, with surveys reporting 56-80% incidence globally. Objective: To evaluate factors contributing to workplace violence against doctors in public teaching hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in six public teaching hospitals of Lahore. Workplace violence was assessed using a validated questionnaire that measured physical violence, verbal abuse, and sexual harassment experienced by doctors in the past 12 months. The sample size, calculated using the Raosoft calculator with a 5.5% margin of error and a 95% confidence interval, comprised 247 doctors selected through non-probability sampling. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 27. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables. The Chi-square test was applied to analyse associations between gender, job titles and workplace violence, with p<0.05 considered significant. Results: Among 247 respondents, 48.6% experienced workplace violence, with verbal abuse being predominant (85%). Males reported a significantly higher violence exposure compared to females (p<0.001). Key contributing factors included overcrowding (56.2%), long waiting times (81.37%), and death of patients (84.21%). Environmental factors like lack of accountability (54.25%) and insufficient staff (54.66%) were notable contributors. Conclusion: Workplace violence against doctors in public teaching hospitals is significantly associated with environmental, patient-related, and systemic factors. Implications for current practice include the need for improved infrastructure, better security protocols, and enhanced patient communication systems. Future research should focus on evaluating intervention strategies across multiple healthcare settings in Pakistan.

Assessment of Biological, Ergonomic and Psychological Workplace Hazards Among Medical and Paramedical Staff of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Background: Occupational hazards are defined as unfavorable workplace activities that have the potential to injure or sicken the healthcare personnel. In low- and middle-income countries, a significant percentage of healthcare professionals are subjected to biological, psychological, ergonomic, and chemical hazards. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of various types of biological, ergonomic and psychological workplace hazards faced by medical and paramedical staff of a tertiary care hospital of Lahore. Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, involved 90 healthcare workers including doctors, nurses and lab technicians. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Chi square tests and FisherFreeman Halton Exact tests were applied to analyze the associations between healthcare profession type and exposure to various hazards. Results: This study reveals that out of the 90 healthcare professionals, 71.1% of the respondents were exposed to blood-borne pathogens, and needle-stick injuries were highly prevalent (72.2%). Moreover, 81.1% of the respondents had experienced Workrelated musculoskeletal disorders WRMSDs, with low back pain being the most prevalent (63.3%). Psychological hazards were also very common as 86.7% of the respondents reported that they often felt stressed at work, particularly due to high workload and long working hours. Conclusion: This study highlights various biological, ergonomic and psychological hazards faced by healthcare workers. A significant association was found between the type of profession and exposure to biological and psychological hazards. This study emphasizes the importance of measures for reducing occupational hazards.

Educational Trends for Future Physicians in the Era of Advanced Technology And Artificial Intelligence

Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Background: Medical institutions are increasingly using AI and other modern technologies in their curriculum. Although research has looked into how Al may be utilized in diagnostic and treatment tools, there is currently no agreement on the best approach to teach medical students and practitioners how to use this technology. Objective: To assess medical students' opinions on artificial intelligence (AI) in the medical curriculum and to analyze the impact of gender and participation in AI workshops on these opinions. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study done at a public sector medical college, involved a sample of 90 students selected with a 95% confidence level and 10% precision, calculated via health study software. Data were collected through a Google Forms questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 26, with Chi-squared tests, odds ratios, and prevalence ratios applied. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Out of 90 participants, 50 were male and 40 were female. 95.6% of respondents saw Al as essential in current medical education while 85.6% believed Al-related studies should be included in medical schools' curriculums. 92.2% felt medical schools should offer more lessons on Al and sophisticated technologies. Ethical concerns were raised by 80% of participants, and 70.0% were apprehensive about Al replacing certain physician roles. Conclusion: There is substantial support for incorporating AI into medical education. However, ethical issues and technical preparedness highlight the need for thorough training that covers both practical skills and ethical considerations.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Transformational-Style Leadership Development Program (LDP) in Fostering Leadership Skills in Medical Students, a PretestPosttest Study

Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Background: Effective leadership is crucial for successful healthcare organizations, and leadership development programs (LDPs) can help physicians develop the necessary skills for this purpose. LDPs aim to build leadership capacities, values, and behaviors, and are essential for addressing challenges in healthcare, such as patient safety and clinician burnout. Different types of LDPs have been described based on different leadership styles. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a transformational-leadership based LDP tailored to medical students. Methods: A pretest-posttest design was used in this study and 30 students enrolled themselves voluntarily in the leadership program. A comprehensive transformational-leadership style LDP titled “HEALTHLEAD: Transforming Leadership in Medicine” was designed and delivered by the authors. A questionnaire based on the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Form 6S (MLQ-6S) was used as the data collection tool and the data were collected at three points in time; before, immediately after, and two months after the program. Results: Data of 30 participants were analyzed and reported. Repeated measures ANOVA, with time as a within-subject factor, showed a significant effect on mean scores, F(2, 28) = 27.281, p<0.001, indicating an increase in leadership scores over time. Pairwise comparisons revealed significant mean differences between pretest and posttest (0.586, p<0.001) and pretest and twomonths follow-up (0.775, p<0.001), but a non-significant mean difference between the two-month follow-up and posttest (0.189, p=0.143). Conclusion: The leadership development program “HEALTHLEAD” had a significantly positive impact in fostering leadership skills in medical students. The increase in scores suggests that the program had a comprehensive and lasting effect.

Assessment of Household Food Insecurity and its Association with Mental Distress Among Pregnant Women Presenting in Tertiary Care Hospital, Lahore: A Cross-Sectional Study

Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Background: Food insecurity affects millions of individuals worldwide, including pregnant women, compromising their health and well-being. Adequate nutrition during pregnancy is crucial for the mother's and fetus's health. Despite its significance, food insecurity's impact on pregnant women's mental health is understudied. Objectives: The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of food insecurity during pregnancy among women presenting in a Tertiary Health Care Hospitals and its association with mental distress. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 83 pregnant women who visited Lady Aitchison and Lady Willingdon (Tertiary Health Care Hospitals) during their gestation period in 2024. The questionnaire was designed based on SRQ20 scale for mental distress and the HFIAS scale for food insecurity used by Mulusew G. Jebena et al. in Ethiopia. Results: Of the 83 women enrolled in the study, overall, 68.6% (n=57) experienced food insecurity & about 31.3% (n=26) reported to have food security during pregnancy. There were no significant relationships between food insecurity with age, residence, income, no. of family members. There was a significant relation of food insecurity and mental distress between the study participants. From the 68.6% (n=57) food insecure participants 56.1% (n=32) felt distressed during pregnancy (p<0.012). Conclusions: This study highlights the alarming rise of food insecurity amongst pregnant women & its interconnection with mental distress. The findings emphasize the need for integrated interventions addressing food insecurity and mental health. By tackling food insecurity, we can promote healthier pregnancies and brighter futures.

Attitude and Practice of Healthcare Workers Towards the use of Health Management Information System (HMIS) in Mayo Hospital Lahore, Pakistan: A Cross-sectional Study

Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Background: Electronic-based HMIS is being installed in the public healthcare settings of Pakistan. To assess the efficiency of this system, the attitude and practice of healthcare workers towards its use should be assessed. Objectives: To determine healthcare workers' attitudes and practices regarding patients' information compilation, analysis, and reporting. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Mayo Hospital Lahore, Pakistan which included 131 healthcare workers from the departments of Medicine and Surgery. The data were collected from 1 June to 15 July 2024. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the data and later entered into STATA version 13 and Fischer's exact binary logistics regression analysis test was used to identify factors influencing the attitude and practice of healthcare workers towards the use of HMIS. Results: The data were collected from 71 males and 60 females, and the overall levels of good attitude and good practice obtained are 48.09% and 42.75%, respectively. 'Attitude' is found to be influenced by the sex of the health worker while 'Practice' is influenced by the level of education and staff specialty. Conclusion: For effective and robust implementation of HMIS, further training sessions should be conducted for healthcare workers to enhance their knowledge and skills in the use of this system. Moreover, further studies should be conducted to explore the reasons behind the poor attitude and practice of healthcare workers towards the use of HMIS.

Relationship of Mental Health and Burnout with Empathy Among Undergraduate Medical Students in Lahore, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Background: Empathy, crucial for effective communication and patient care in medicine can be influenced by stress, workload, burnout, and impaired mental well-being. Objectives: To evaluate the burnout levels, mental health status, and factors influencing empathy among undergraduate medical students at King Edward Medical University in Lahore. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among MBBS students from the third to final year at King Edward Medical University, Lahore, with ethical approval granted by the Institutional Review Board. Four questionnaires were used: a personal and demographic survey, the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS), the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ). Data analysis involved assessing several factors influencing empathy using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Results: The study evaluated 164 Muslim participants (mean age: 21.77 years; SD = 1.10), of whom 45.1% were male and 54.9% female. Physical illness was reported by 4.9% and psychiatric conditions by 6.7%. No significant association was found between socio-demographic factors (gender, illness, substance use, academic year, and specialty preference) and empathy. Empathy was not significantly related to mental health (WEMWBS) or burnout (MBI). Most participants (96.3%) demonstrated below-average empathy, with a median TEQ score of 31 (IQR: 28–35). Conclusion: Most participants exhibited below-average empathy, high depersonalization, and low personal achievement. Despite these findings, mental health was generally good, and exhaustion levels were low. No significant association was found between empathy and other factors

Investigating the Impact of Peer Influence on Academic Performance: A Quantitative Cross-Sectional Study Among Medical Students

Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Background: A peer group consists of individuals of similar age, socioeconomic status, and ability, significantly influencing behaviors and beliefs, including academic success. Peer influence can be positive, facilitating social learning and class participation, or negative, leading to behavioral disengagement, anxiety, and decreased academic performance. Recent studies indicate that peer relationships account for 28% to 39% of the variance in the academic performance of medical students. Objectives: This study investigates the impact of peer influence on the academic performance of medical students and examines the roles of peer relationships and learning engagement as potential factors in this association. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a public sector medical university in Lahore, Pakistan, over six months (February 2024 - September 2024) and approved by the institutional review board. A sample size of 176 MBBS students was calculated with a 95% confidence level and 90% test power, with an anticipated effect size of 0.262 based on previous literature. Data were collected using two validated instruments: the Peer Group Influence Achievement Questionnaire (13 items, Cronbach's α = 0.85) and the Peer Relationship and Learning Engagement Scale (9 items, Cronbach's α = 0.79). Academic performance was assessed through professional examination scores categorized as below average (<60%), average (60-75%), and above average (>75%). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi-square test, with p<0.05 considered significant. Results: Among 176 participants (response rate: 85%), the majority were aged 21-23 years (73.9%, n=130) with a female predominance (76.1%, n=134). Chi-square tests revealed significant relationships between peer influence and academic performance (χ²=11.087, df=4, p=0.026, Cramer's V=0.178) and between learning engagement and academic performance (χ²=10.869, df=4, p=0.028, Cramer's V=0.176). Moderate to strong peer influence was reported by 98.3% of participants. However, factorial ANOVA showed a non-significant interaction between peer influence and peer relationships regarding academic performance (F=0.751, p=0.523, η²=0.009). Conclusion: Peer influence significantly impacts the academic performance of medical students, and learning engagement is also significantly related to academic performance. However, the quality of peer relationships does not moderate the relationship between peer influence and academic performance. These findings suggest a need for structured peer-support programs in medical education. Future research should explore the longitudinal effects of peer influence on academic trajectories.

Prevalence of Transactional and Transformational Leadership Styles and its Association with Job Satisfaction in Nursing Staff of Tertiary Care Hospitals in Lahore

Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Background: Effective leadership plays a critical role in ensuring high-quality patient care and staff satisfaction. Transformational leadership is characterized by inspiring and motivating staff to exceed expectations through a shared vision, fostering innovation and professional growth. Transactional leadership focuses on structured tasks, rewards, and discipline, emphasizing a more direct exchange between leaders and subordinates. Objective: To assess the prevalence of leadership style in the nursing staffs of tertiary care hospitals of Lahore and the association of nursing staff's job satisfaction with the types of leadership styles. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study using a modified form of the MLQ-5x questionnaire including a job satisfaction scale, distributed to the total 212 nursing staffs of Mayo, Jinnah and Lady Aitchison hospital. We analyze data by using frequencies and percentages and apply chi-square for assessing the association of leadership style with job satisfaction among nursing staff. Results: The responses from 212 respondents, revealed that the transactional style of leadership was the most prevalent (75.94%). Among the nurses, only 52.4% reported an adequate job satisfaction out of which 20.28% are in the transformational leadership category, 30.6% in the transactional category and 1.2% in a mixed category. 84.3% of the nurses in the transformational category are job satisfied while 40.4% of the nurses in the transactional category are job satisfied. Conclusions: The results reveal an alarmingly low levels of job satisfaction in the nursing setup. Of those with a transformative style of leadership imposed by their supervisors reported higher job satisfaction while vice versa was true for transactional style which was also the most prevalent style. Implementation of appropriate style of leadership by the authorities may result in better outcomes.

Frequency of Ocular Morbidities among Children and Adolescents in Conventional and Religious School (Madaris) of Karachi, Pakistan

Naveed Mansoori, Syed Muhammad Mubeen, Syed Ishtiaq Ahmed Fatmi — Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Background: Refractive errors remain a major cause of vision impairment in children globally. These optical imperfections in the eye prevent light from focusing on a single point on the retina, leading to reduced vision. Objectives: To determine the frequency of refractive error and most common eye complaints among children aged 3 to 15 years of schools and madaris in Karachi. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out during 2019. Two schools and two madaris were selected based on convenience and 1500 children were included in the study. Interviews and physical examinations were used to investigate ocular disorders. The visual acuity was determined using Snellen's visual acuity measurement chart. For data analysis, SPSS version 24 was used. The frequency of various eye problems was determined. Chi square test was used to investigate association between refractive error and of children institution. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 1500 children included, 665 from school and 835 from madaris. Refractive errors were found in 15.8% of school children and 30.4% of madaris children. Night blindness was reported in 3.6% of schools and 9.3% of madaris children. The squint was found in 0.2% school children and 1.4 % of madaris children. Colour blindness was found in 5.9% school children and 0.4 % in madaris children. Conclusion: When compared to school, madaris children had a higher prevalence of refractive errors. Children attending madrassas who spent more time studying, watching television or using computers, and had parents or sibling who wore glasses, experienced higher rates of ocular morbidities. Screening of school-age children is critical because early detection and correction of refractive errors will delay/slow the progression.

Exploring the Quality of Life of Elderly Population with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Background: The number of people suffering from Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is continuously rising. Chronic diseases, especially for the elderly population, have an immense impact on quality of life (QoL), which serves as a crucial indicator of overall health and well-being. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the QoL of elderly T2DM patients and identify the associations between demographic factors and QoL domains. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2024 to July 2024 at Mayo Hospital Lahore, involving 94 Out door T2DM patients aged 60 years and above. Using Urdu version of demographic and WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire, data collection involved self-administration or one-on-one interviews. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25 by conducting t-test, ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test, and correlation coefficient. Results: The findings showed a mixed picture of QoL. While 38% of elderly diabetic patients expressed satisfaction with their health and 40% reported a good QoL, an almost equal number expressed dissatisfaction (39%), with 29% of people denoting their life quality as poor. Significant positive correlations (p-values <0.001) existed among all QoL domains. Physical (47.32) and environmental (48.38) domains displayed lower average scores compared to psychological (53.24) and social (53.37) domains. Considerable associations were found between QoL domains and demographic factors.Older age, lower income, unemployment, loss of spouse, and duration of diabetes (>10 years)negatively impacted QoL. Hypertension and CVDs had no considerable impact on overall life quality of elderly T2DM patients. Conclusions: Chronic conditions like DM affect the QoL of elderly patients but the QoL varies across domains and individuals due to factors like age and duration of disease. Lower mean scores of environmental and physical domains with significant correlations among demographic influences and domains were noted.

Assessing Job Satisfaction Among Diverse Healthcare Staff in Public Hospital, Lahore

Sat, 15 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0500

Background: It has become a global trend of measuring employee's job satisfaction to enhance the performance. Job satisfaction is referred as positive attitude of employees towards duties of job, the work environment, and other employees. The aim of this article is to demonstrate how pay and promotion, rewards and benefits, sense of justice from supervisor, relationship with colleagues and work value and nature correlate with job satisfaction among health care staff. Objectives: The study aims to access job satisfaction among hospital staff including doctors, nurses, and support staff of Public Hospital Lahore. Methods: A cross-sectional survey among hospital staff was conducted. This study targeted 62 health care and support staff members of Public Hospital Lahore using consecutive non-probability sampling technique. The data collection tool was a manual questionnaire that was determined to be valid and internally consistent for diverse health care staff. Data were analysed using SPSS statistical software, version 16. Results: This study assessed job satisfaction among 62 healthcare employees, including house officers, postgraduates, nurses, and non-medical staff. Respondents were evenly distributed across gender and employment types. Satisfaction levels varied: 11.3% were satisfied, 8.1% dissatisfied, and 80.6% ambivalent. Nurses reported the highest self-rated satisfaction (26.7%) and mean overall satisfaction, while non-medical staff had the lowest. Female employees had higher satisfaction than males. Pay was unpopular across all groups, with non-medical staff particularly dissatisfied with promotion opportunities. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions to improve job satisfaction, especially for non-medical staff. Conclusion: Measuring job satisfaction among health care professionals is crucial. Factors such as organizational management practices, team coordination mechanisms and working conditions significantly impact satisfaction levels. By addressing these factors, health care organizations can promote a more satisfied and motivated workforce.